A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 101
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"?
Filename: helpers/ben_helper.php
Line Number: 302
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $author_name declared before required parameter $filename is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: helpers/ben_helper.php
Line Number: 841
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 390
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 371
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$agent is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$zip is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $options declared before required parameter $closed is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/Poll_model.php
Line Number: 191
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/libraries/Poll_lib.php
Line: 25
Function: model
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$poll_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/libraries/Poll_lib.php
Line: 25
Function: model
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$poll_lib is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$encryption is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$xmlrpc is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$form_validation is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$email is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$upload is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$paypal is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 129
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 278
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 149
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 206
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 295
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php
Line Number: 333
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 284
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 291
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 306
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 318
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 319
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 377
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$email_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$pagination_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$image_lib is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1279
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/models/Crud_model.php
Line: 13
Function: library
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Crud_model::$account_type is deprecated
Filename: models/Crud_model.php
Line Number: 15
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/models/Crud_model.php
Line: 15
Function: _error_handler
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$crud_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$sms_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$dbutil is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 425
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 16
Function: dbutil
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Talks::$backup is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 21
Function: model
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/application/controllers/Talks.php
Line: 397
Function: view
File: /home/scotchem/public_html/talks/index.php
Line: 268
Function: require_once
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
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Talk detail - Tailoring the Photophysics of First-row Transition Metal-based Chromophores for Light Capture and Conversion: Challenges and Opportunities |
ScotCHEM Colloquia
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Tailoring the Photophysics of First-row Transition Metal-based Chromophores for Light Capture and Conversion: Challenges and Opportunities
Main list: Edinburgh
Abstract
Figure 1. P lot of the ground state recovery dynamics of [Fe(bpy) 3 ](PF 6 ) 2 in CH 3 CN solution as a function of temperature following 1 A 1 ® 1 MLCT excitation . The solid line corresponds to a fit of the data to an Arrhenius mod el, indicating an activation energy of 310 ± 15 cm -1 and an intercept (i.e., the rate constant in the limit of no barrier) of 230 ± 20 ps -1 . An analysis of these data in the context of semiclassical non - radiative decay theory is providing new insights into the factors controlling ultrafast dynamics in such systems. Tailoring the Photophysics of First - row Transition Metal - based Chromophores for Light Capture and Conversion: Challenges and Opportunities James K. McCusker Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University The conversion of light to chemical energy is one of the most fundamental processes on Earth. It is the basis of photosynthesis, in which light absorption results in the separation of charge that ultimately creates the chemical potential needed to drive ATP synthesis; an advantageous by - product of th is process is, of course, O 2 production. Ironically, photosynthesis is also the source of the biomass from which the fossil fuels that constitute the basis of society’s energy infrastructure are derived. The overwhelming majority of climate scientists are in agreement that it is the burning of these fossil fuels – in effect the re - release of what was sequestered carbon into the atmosphere – that is driving global climate change. Options for shifting away from fossil fuels as our primary energy source genera lly revolve around renewables such as wind, solar, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, and hydro: of these, the only renewable energy source that is limitless and carbon - free (at least in principle) is solar. The energy flux hitting the Earth is 120,000 TW: inte grated over a 24 - hour period, this translates to humankind’s total energy budget for an entire year. Despite the progress that has been made in the implementation of solar energy (due primarily to reductions in the cost of silicon), the intermittent nature of solar energy, the balance of systems costs that continue to represent a significant economic obstacle, combined with the fact that electricity constitutes only ~30% of the global energy footprint all underscore the need for continued research in solar energy conversion science. Fundamental research on solar energy conversion – which will ultimately lead to the next generation of solar energy technologies – has sought to replicate Nature’s solution through the creation of artificial constructs that mimic va rious aspect of photosynthesis. When considering large - scale (i.e., global) implementation of any solar energy conversion scheme, material availability becomes a critically important consideration in the light - capture part of the problem, particularly w hen one considers the projected two - to three - fold increase in energy de mand over the next 30 - 40 years. Unfortunately, virtually all of the molecule - based approaches for solar energy conversion that have been proven successful rely on some of the least abu ndant elements on earth. An obvious alternative is to employ chromophores based on earth - abundant materials: for transition metal - based approaches, this means moving away from the second - and third - row transition series elements (e.g., ruthenium) and devel op photoredox - active chromophores based on first - row, widely available metals like iron and copper. As our group first demonstrated in 2000, the central problem with this approach is that the charge - transfer excited states that lie at the heart of photo - in duced electron transfer chemistry exhibit sub - picosecond lifetimes (as compared to the microsecond lifetimes of their 2 nd - and 3 rd - row congeners). Our research program therefore focuses on understanding the factors that determine the dynamics associated wi th the excited states of first - row transition metal - based chromophores, with the ultimate goal of circumventing and/or redefining their intrinsic photophysical properties in order to make feasible their use as light - harvesting components in solar energy co nversion schemes . This seminar will describe the key experimental results establishing this paradigm, as well as survey several approaches that we are pursuing in an effort to broaden the utility of this class of chromophores for a wide range of solar ener gy and chemical transformations .
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